TY - JOUR
T1 - Cigarette butts in two urban areas from Brazil
T2 - Links among environmental impacts, demography and market
AU - Ribeiro, Victor Vasques
AU - Lopes, Thaís Cândido
AU - Amaral dos Santos Pinto, Mariana
AU - Póvoa, Alain Alves
AU - Corrêa, Victor Rocha
AU - De-la-Torre, Gabriel Enrique
AU - Dobaradaran, Sina
AU - Green, Dannielle Senga
AU - Szklo, André Salem
AU - Castro, Ítalo Braga
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2022/10
Y1 - 2022/10
N2 - Environmental impacts are currently linked to smoking cigarette behavior, as cigarette butts (CBs) represent the most common litter item in natural areas. Despite this, even the best ranked Brazilian cities, in terms of urban cleaning, have no information about urban littered CBs. Thus, CBs were monitored in Santos and Niterói cities, aiming to assess contamination, Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) and the illegal market size. CBs were collected in 36 walkways considering different land usage types and urban density levels. The CBPI was calculated, and brands were used to identify the size of the illegal market. CBs contamination in Santos (0.25 CBs/m2) was three times higher than Niterói (0.08 CBs/m2) and their occurrence and distribution presented no relationship with land usage types and urban population densities levels. CBPI = 17.6 was severe and the highest so far reported. A total of 28 cigarette brands were found both studied cities. Further, illegal cigarette consumption in Santos and Niteroi was estimated, based on brands of collected CBs, at 25.2% and 36.8%, respectively. Such data may be valuable for implementation of logistic reverse actions seeking to environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. Cigarette consumption threatens human life and the environment, and tobacco companies should be accountable for the pollution they generate.
AB - Environmental impacts are currently linked to smoking cigarette behavior, as cigarette butts (CBs) represent the most common litter item in natural areas. Despite this, even the best ranked Brazilian cities, in terms of urban cleaning, have no information about urban littered CBs. Thus, CBs were monitored in Santos and Niterói cities, aiming to assess contamination, Cigarette Butt Pollution Index (CBPI) and the illegal market size. CBs were collected in 36 walkways considering different land usage types and urban density levels. The CBPI was calculated, and brands were used to identify the size of the illegal market. CBs contamination in Santos (0.25 CBs/m2) was three times higher than Niterói (0.08 CBs/m2) and their occurrence and distribution presented no relationship with land usage types and urban population densities levels. CBPI = 17.6 was severe and the highest so far reported. A total of 28 cigarette brands were found both studied cities. Further, illegal cigarette consumption in Santos and Niteroi was estimated, based on brands of collected CBs, at 25.2% and 36.8%, respectively. Such data may be valuable for implementation of logistic reverse actions seeking to environmentally sustainable and socially resilient cities. Cigarette consumption threatens human life and the environment, and tobacco companies should be accountable for the pollution they generate.
KW - Cigarette smoking
KW - Land usage
KW - Litter
KW - Smuggling
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85132763507&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113730
DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113730
M3 - Artículo
C2 - 35732200
AN - SCOPUS:85132763507
SN - 0013-9351
VL - 213
JO - Environmental Research
JF - Environmental Research
M1 - 113730
ER -
